Family / Family
the Parents-parents Relative -
the relative (-n)
Mother - the mother
(g) Man - the man
(ä,-er)
Father's father (ä) Sir / Mister of Mr (s)
Son Son (o,-e) Woman / Ma'am / Mrs. / Ms.'s wife (s)
Daughter's daughter (o) Husband's husband (ä,-er)
Brother's brother (g) Wife's wife (s)
Sister sister (-n) Boy, the boy (n)
Grandparents grandparents Girl the girl (-)
Grandfather Grandfather (ä) Grandpa's grandfather (-s)
Grandmother's grandmother (g) Grandma Grandma (-s)
Grandchildren grandchildren Dad Dad
Grandson grandson (-) Mom to Mom
Granddaughter's granddaughter (-nen) Friend (m) of friend (- e)
the niece Niece (-s) Friend (f) the girlfriend (-nen)
Nephew's nephew (-n) Partner / Significant Other (m) of the partner (-)
Cousin (m), the cousin (n) Partner / Significant Other (f) the partner (-nen)
Cousin (f) the cousin (n) Marital status Marital status
Uncle Uncle (-) Single single
Aunt Aunt (- n) Married married
Siblings siblings Divorced divorced
baby, the baby (g) Male Female Male (n)
Godfather The Godfather Female
Godmother Godmother (machines), the child Child (-ren)
step of / the step-Toddler, the Toddler (-er)
-in-law /-law, teenager, the teenager (-)
Brother-in-law in-law (ä) Adult Adult (-n)
Sister-in the sister-in-law (-nen) of the Twin Twin (e)
The letters in parentheses Indicate the plural form of the noun. Notice that sometimes in umlaut is placed over the main vowel of the word in the plural. For example, the man is singular (the man) and (the men) men is plural. For step-and-in-law relations, just-add-or step-in-law before the main person, except in the case of brother-in-law and sister-in-law noted above. The plurals follow the pattern for the main person, ie the mother (singular) and the mothers (plural)
________________________________________
Work and School
male female male female
worker worker worker lawyer attorney (ä, e) Advocate
architect architect (s), architect, doctor doctor (s) doctor
mechanic car mechanic car mechanic bank employee bank employee (s) Bank employee (s) librarian
Librarian librarian conductor conductor conductor
TV reporter TV reporter TV reporter hairdresser hairdresser hairdresser
engineer engineer engineer custodian janitor caretaker
cook cooking (o, e) cook cashier cashier cashier
pilot Pilot (s) pilot waiter waiters waitress
police officer police officer (s) policewoman nurse nurse nurse
president president (s) President postal worker postal worker (s) postal workers (n) priest
priest priestess judge judge judge
secretary secretary secretary writer writer writer
flight attendant flight attendants flight attendants (in) salesperson Seller Seller
taxi driver taxi drivers taxi driver dentist dentist (ä, e) Dentist
Besides the plural forms shown above, the rest of the male professions are the same (they do not add anything) in the plural, while all the add-NEN feminine in the plural. So, German does not use articles before professions. You would only say I am a waiter if you mean I am a waiter.
What is your profession? What do you do for a living?
I'm a doctor. I'm a doctor (male).
School, the school (s) Elementary School elementary school (s)
University, the University (s) Secondary School Gymnasium
College / University, the College (s) High School high school (s)
subject of the compartment (ä, er) Foreign Languages Foreign Languages
Literature Literature Linguistics Linguistics
Social Studies Social Studies History History
Biology Biology Natural Science Natural Science Philosophy Philosophy Psychology Psychology
Earth science Geography Sociology
Math Mathematics Geography Geography
Geometry geometry, computer science computer science
Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Economics
Business Management Marketing Chemistry Chemistry
Marketing Media Studies Media Studies
Physics Physics Political Science Politics
Music Music Art Art
Drawing Draw Band band
test, the test (s) class, the class (es)
Lunch Time for lunch lunch lunch
cafeteria, the Mensa School Supplies The school supplies
Dictionary dictionary (ü, er) stacker stapler (s)
Scissors scissors (n) Ruler, the ruler (s)
Eraser The Eraser (s) Chalk the Chalk
Book the book (ü, er) notebook, the issue (s)
Pencil pencil (s) Sheet of Paper, the paper
Schoolbag school bag (s) Calculator, the calculator (-)
pen the pen / the pen Homework homework
Girl the girl (-) Boy, the boy (s)
Friend (m) of friend (s) Friend ( f) the girlfriend (NEN)
Pupil / Student (m) of students (-) Pupil / Student (f) the student NEN (NEN)
Student (m) of the student (s) student (f) the student ( )
Teacher (m) of the teachers (-) Teacher (f) the teacher (NEN)
Professor (m), Professor Professor (f) the professor (NEN)
level the scores hard hard
Course of Course (e) easy easy
semester, the semester (-) the Vacation Holiday (pl.)
Schedule of Schedule (ä, e) Assignment problem (s)
first Basic Phrases
Good morning
goot-en mor-gen Good Morning Good day
goot-en TAHK
Hello / Good Day Good evening
goot-en ah-bent
Good Evening Good Night
goot-eh Nakht
Good Night Day / Hello / Hello
TAHK / hah-loh / sair-voohs
Hi / Hello / Hi & Bye (Southern Germany & Austria) bye
owf vee-dair-zayn
Howdy Goodbye / Hello!
Hello! / Greetings! (Southern Germany & Austria) Bye /
tchews Chow / chow
Bye! Let's go!
geh-en veer
Let's go! bahlt
you later
shpay bit-ter
See you later See you
bit
See you soon See you tomorrow
biss mohr-gen
See you tomorrow
Please
bih-tuh
Please Thank you (nice / very)
dahn-kuh Shurn / Zaire
Thank you Here you go
Shurn bih-tuh
're welcome
I'm sorry.
ehs toot sea lite
I'm sorry Excuse
shool-dih-
Ehnts-gun zee Excuse me pardon
Pardon me
How are you?
it Gayt vee ee-NEN
How are you? (Formal) How are you?
vee Gayten
How are you? (Informal) (Very) Good / So lala
Zair goot / zo lahlah
(Very) Good / OK
bad / not good
shlekht / goot indistinguishable
Bad / Not good is it.
ess gate
I'm ok. (Informal) Yes / No
yah / nine
Yes / No
What's your name?
here vee-zee must
What's your name? (Formal) What is your name?
vee doo hiesst
What's your name? (Informal) My name is ...
ikh hie-ssuh
My name is ... [I am called ...]
I am.
froyt mikh
Pleased to meet you. Also.
glykh-fals
Likewise. Mr. / Mrs. / Miss
hair / frow / Froi-line
Mister / Misses / Miss
Where are you from? Vo-hair koh
-men zee
Where are you from? (Formal) Where are you?
vo-hair kohms
doo Where are you from? (Informal) I'm from ...
ikh koh-muh ows ...
I'm from ...
Where do you live?
vo voh-NEN zee
Where do you live? (Formal) Where do you live?
vo Vohn doo
live Where do you? (Informal) I live in. .. Ikh voh-nuh
in
I live in. ..
How old are you?
vee zee old zint
How old are you? (Formal) How old are you?
vee old bisst doo
How old are you? (Informal) I am ____ years old.
bin ikh ____ yaa-reh alt I am ____ years
old.
you speak German?
shpreck-en zee Doytch
Do you speak German? (Formal) Do you speak English?
doo eng-lish
shprikhst
Do you speak English? (Informal) I speak (no) ...
ikh shpreck-uh kine
I (do not) speak ...
Do you understand? / Do you understand?
fehr-shtay-en zee / Fehr-doo shtayst
Do you understand? (Formal / informal) I understand (not).
ikh fehr-eh-shtay nikht
I (do not) understand. I know (not).
ikh vise nikht
I (do not) know.
Can you help me?
ker-NEN zee sea bright-Fen
Can you help me? (Formal) Can you help me?
Kahn doo sea bright-fen
Can you help me? (Informal) Natural / happy
near-tewr-likh / Gair-nuh
Of course / Gladly
Can I help you?
kahn ikh ee-NEN-Fen light
May I help you? (Formal) Can I help you?
kahn ikh deer light-Fen
May I help you? (Informal) What?
vee bih-tuh
What? Pardon me?
___ What is the name in German?
heist ___ owf vee Doytch
How do you say ___ in German? Where is / Where are ... ?
is voh / voh zint
Where is / Where are ... ? There are ...
ess geept
There is / are ...
What's going on?
Vahs Loh is
What's the matter? Never mind.
makht that nikhts
It does not matter. I do not care.
is that sea-eh Gahl
I do not care.
Do not worry!
KY-nuh ahngst
Do not worry! I forgot about it. Ikh hah-buh
ess fehr-go-sen
I forgot. Now I must go.
Yetzer Mooss ikh geh-en
I must go now.
I'm hungry / thirsty. Ikh hah-buh
Hoong-er / Dirste
I'm hungry / thirsty. I am sick / tired.
bin ikh krahnk moo-duh
I'm sick / tired. I am bored. Ikh hah-buh
Lahn-guh-luh-vy
I'm bored.
I want / I would like ...
merkh-tuh ikh / heh-tuh ikh Gairn
I'd like ... I like that.
dahs go missing sea-
I like it. Prima / Toll / Super!
pree-mah / Tohl / zoo-pair
Great / Fantastic!
health!
go-soont hyt-
Bless you! (When someone sneezes) Congratulations!
herts-likh-en-glewk voonsh
Congratulations! Be quiet!
zy-roo hikh
Be quiet! (Informal)
Welcome!
vil-koh-men
Welcome! Good luck!
feel glewk
Good luck! Take a look! / Look!
-en zee show times / show times
Look! (Formal / informal)
pretty please?
Yes? / What would you like to order? What to Buy?
What can I get you? / How can I help you? Anything else?
Anything else?
pretty please.
Here you go. (Handing something to someone) figures please!
The check, please! Keep the change.
Keep the change.
I'm tired.
I'm full. I feel sick.
I feel sick. It hurts me.
It hurts.
I love you.
leeb ikh dikh
-uh I love you. (Informal) I miss you.
I miss you. (Informal) Everything is fine.
Everything is fine.
How about ... ?
How about ...? What a ...?
What kind of (a )...? Is not it?
[general tag question]
I is not actually pronounced ikh, unless you are speaking a northern dialect of German. If you are speaking a southern dialect, then it is more like ish. There is no equivalent sound in English. In standard German, it is somewhere between ish and ikh. Technically, it is a voiceless palatal fricative and its voiced counterpart is the y sound in yes.
Useful Words and
and oonter is not it? is not it? nikht Vahr
but ah-but too bad too bad about shah-duh
very very happy zair gladly
Gehrn or or the oh-ZOH-away immediately once
here here here sure (ly) safe (clear) Zikh- he-likh
including but owkh, but rather Zohn-Dehrn
both both by-duh finally finally shleess-likh
some little-eht vahss right! agrees shtimt
only just noor anyway at all oo-ber-howpt
again re-vee-der enough enough guh-nook
hopefully hopefully hoh-fent-likh exact (ly) just guh-now
between between zvish-en sometimes sometimes mahnch times
Therefore why the always-always-halp he
a lot, many thousands (s) feel (uh) Never ever nee
often really really veerk-lish often ohft
together together TSOO-zah-men of course clear Klahr
all all ahl-fee-luh perhaps perhaps likht
now yetst now a little a little bit ine-Khen
so therefore al-ZOH a little a little vay-ine Nikhs
another another nohkh ine not at all do not even nikht
already shone not already a little bit not a bite-kine Khen
There is commonly used to mean there is / are and it is always followed by theaccusative case.
Question Words Who
who Vehr Whom (acc.) whom vain
What was Vahs Whom (dat) who vee Vaime
Why why why How come vah-room-zo
When vahn when Where from whence vo-hair
Where voh Where to find out where vo-vee Which
how than what / r / s velsh-uh/er/es
Days of the Week / The Days
poppy Monday Monday Tuesday Tuesday TAHK
Deen TAHK
Tuesday-Wednesday with Vock
Thursday Thursday don-ERS-TAHK
fry Friday Friday-Saturday TAHK
(N & E Germany) Saturday
Saturday tame-TAHK
zon-nah-bent
Sunday zon Sunday TAHK
day the day (e) dehr TAHK
morning the morning (-) mawr-gun
the afternoon (e) afternoon Nakh-mih-TAHK
evening, the evening (e) ah-bunt
night the night (ä ,-e)
today nahkt today hoy-tuh
tomorrow morning mawr-gun
tonight tonight hoy-tuh ah-bunt
yesterday yesterday go-stairn
last night last night go-ah-bunt stairn
week to week (n) voh-kuh
weekend (n) the week-voh-ken-en-duh
daily daily-teh glikh
weekly weekly who-Khent-likh
To say on a certain day or the weekend, use am Add an-s to the day to express "on Mondays, Tuesdays, etc." All days, months and seasons are masculine so they all use the same form of these words: every - every, next - next, last - last (as in the last of a series), last - previous. The week is the expression for "during the week" in Northern and Eastern Germany, while the week is used in Southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
12th Months of the Year / The months of January
January yah-noo-ahr
(Austria) January yeh-Ner
February February fay-broo-ahr
March March April April ah
multi-pril
May May June June
my yoo-nee
July July yoo-lee
ow-August August September September
goost zehp TEHM-over-
October October ok-toh-ber
November November no-Vehm-ber
December December deh-over-TSEM
month the month (-e ) moh-seam
year the year (e) yaar
monthly monthly moh-seam
likh likh-yearly annual JEHR
To say in a certain month use, the.
When did your birthday? When is your birthday?
My birthday is in May. My birthday is in May
________________________________________
13th Seasons / The Seasons
winter winter dehr vin-ter
Spring Spring dehr frew-ling
Summer Summer dehr zom-mer
hehrpst Autumn Autumn dehr
To say the + in a season, use the .
________________________________________
14th Directions / The directions
right left Left right
straight straight
North, the North
South, the South East of the East
West, the West
in the North in the north = east =
to the East from West =
from the West
________________________________________
15th Colors & Shapes / Colors & Forms
orange orange square the square
pink circle, the circle
purple violet / purple triangle triangle
blue blue rectangle, the rectangle
yellow yellow oval the oval
red red octagon the octagon
black black cube, the cube
brown brown sphere, the ball
gray gray cone of the cone
white white cylinder of the cylinder
green grün
turquoise türkis
beige beige
silver silber
gold gold
Because colors are adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe if they are placed before the noun. However, not all adjectives agree, such as colors ending in -a or -e; nor do they agree when they are used as predicate adjectives. More about Adjectives in German III. To say that a color is light, put hell- before it, and to say that a color is dark, put dunkel- before it.
Das Viereck ist braun. The square is brown.
Das Rechteck ist hellblau. The rectange is light blue.
________________________________________
16th Time / Time
What time is it? What time is it? vee shpayt eat eat
(It is) 2 AM There is two clock at night ess tsvy oor nahkts
2 PM It is two clock afternoon tsvy oor Nahke-mih-TAHK
6:20 It is six clock zwanzig ZEX oor tsvahn-tsikh
half past 3 It s half past three hahlp feer
quarter past 4 It is quarter past four feer feer-tel Nahke
quarter to five it a quarter to five feer-tel for fewnf
10 past 11 It is tsyan Nahke after ten o'clock eleven eleven
20 to 7 It is six forty tsvahn tsikh-for zee-bun
It is noon afternoon Nakh-mih-TAHK
midnight is midnight mih-ter-Nahke
in the morning morning / early-mawr guns / frew
in the evening evening aah-multi
It's exactly ... It's just ... ess is guh-now
at 8 At 8 clock. Akhter oom oor
early (ier) early (he) frew (s) late
(r) late (he) shpayt (s) time
Official, searchable as for bus and train schedules, always uses the 24 hour clock. Notice that half + number means helped to, not half past, so you have to use the hour that comes next.
Weather / Weather
How's the weather today? How is the weather today? vie is dahs vet-ter hoy-tuh
It's hot It is eating hot ess hise
It's cold, it is to eat cold ess kahlt
It's beautiful is eating well ess Shern
It's bad, it is to eat badly ess shlehkt
It's clear, it is clear ess eats Klahr
It's icy, it is icy eat eat ise-ikh
It's warm It's warm eat eat Varm
It's sunny It's sunny eat eat Zohn-ikh
It's windy, it's windy eat eat vin-dikh
It's cloudy It eats clouds ess beh-verlkt
It's hazy It's hazy eat eat Doon tikh
It's muggy, it's muggy eat eat schvool
It's humid, it is moist eat eat foikht
It's foggy, it is foggy eat eat neh-beh-likh
It's snowing Snowing ess of cut
It's raining It's raining rayg ess-net
It's freezing cold I eat freert
It looks like rain. It looks like rain. it seet nahkh ray gene ows
The weather is clearing the weather clears up. dahs vetter-he klairt sikh owf
breakfast breakfast bread the bread (s)
lunch lunch pepper pepper
dinner salt dinner, the salt
the glass glass (ä, er) ice, the ice
fork, the fork (s), vinegar of acetic
spoon the spoon (-) oil, the oil
the knife Messer (-) sugar, the sugar
napkin napkin (n) butter the butter
plate of dishes (-) table of the table (s)
(cutlery) the silverware silver ware dishes the dishes
juice tea, the tea of the juice (ä, e)
steak the steak water, the water
cake, the cake, the wine
the chicken chicken wine beer beer
coffee coffee soft drink the lemonade
fish fish milk, the milk
ham ham egg, the egg (s) ice cream ice
honey honey
jam jam snack
the snack of rice rice cheese
cheese salad salad of mustard Mustard
pie soup the soup the cake (s)
Food and Meals
________________________________________
44th Fruits, Vegetables and Meats
fruit, the fruit of the pumpkin gourd (s)
the pineapple pineapple (-) olive, the olive (s)
apple, the apple (ä) raddish of radish (e)
apricot apricot ( n) lettuce salad
banana, the banana (s) tomato, the tomato (n)
pear to pear (s) onion, the onion (s)
strawberry strawberry (s) green beans green beans
raspberry raspberry (s) of the corn maize
cherry, the cherry ( n meat) meat
lime, the lime (s), roast the meat (-)
lemon lemon (s) veal veal
orange to orange (n lamb) lamb
peach of peach (e) beef the beef
grape the grape (s) pork pork
the vegetable vegetables bacon
bacon cauliflower cauliflower sausage (g, e)
sausage bean, the bean (s) poultry, the poultry
pea, the pea (s) duck the duck (s)
cucumber cucumber (s) goose the goose (ä, e)
carrot carrot (s) send the chicken (ü, er)
potato, the potato (s) of turkey turkey (ä, e)
cabbage cabbage fish of the fish (e)
In Austria, the cauliflower is cauliflower, string beans, which is green beans, and corn is the corn.
Holiday Phrases
Merry Christmas! Merry Christmas!
Happy Easter! Happy Easter!
Happy New Year! Happy New Year!
Congratulations Birthday!
Happy Birthday! Happy Birthday!
the New Year's New Year's Eve
the New Year's New Year's Day
Valentine's Day Valentine's Day
the carnival (S. Germany) / Carnival (Rhineland) Mardi Gras
the Easter Easter
the Christmas Christmas
the wedding birthday anniversary wedding
________________________________________ ________________________________________
Prepositions Prepositions
that take the Accusative case by
through
against
order against around / at
for for
without without
up until
Preps. that take the Dative case
from out (of), from (country, town or place)
with with, by means of (transportation)
from from (person, open space, or direction), by
since since, for
at near, at, at home or place of business of
after after, to (cities and countries) to
to (mostly people and specifically named buildings)
compared across from
except except for, besides
Preps. that take the genitive case
while during
despite in spite of
(at) instead of instead of because of because of
outside outside of
within inside of
Preps. that may take Acc. or Dat. (two-way)
An at, to, on (vertical surfaces, denotes border or limiting area)
auf onto, on (horizontal surfaces), to (some public buildings)
hinter behind
in in, into, to (building, enclosed space, feminine or plural countries)
neben beside, next to
über over, above, across, about
unter under, below, among, beneath
vor in front of, before
zwischen between
For the two-way prepositions: The accusative form Indicates direction and movement and answers the question whither (where to?) The dative form Indicates position and location and answers the question where (where?) For example: • In the school means to school and uses the accusative form because it is a direction. In school means in school and uses the dative form because it is a location. But one exception is at home - at home (dat) and home - (to) home (big) I'm at home is I am at home, and I'm going home is I am going home.
Accusative: movement & direction Dative: location & position
He hangs the picture over the sofa. (Where he hangs the picture?)
He hangs the picture over the sofa. The picture hangs over the sofa. (Where is the picture?)
The picture hangs over the sofa.
Put it under the table.
Put it under the table. It is under the table.
It is under the table.
Drive the car behind the house.
Drive the car behind the house. The car is behind the house.
The car is behind the house.
Place the bottle in front of the door.
Put the bottles in front of the door. The bottles are available at the door.
The bottles are in front of the door.
Put it on the table.
Put it on the table. It is on the table. It's
lying on the table.
write it on the board.
Write it on the board. It is on the board.
It is on the board.
He goes into the kitchen.
He goes into the kitchen. He is in the kitchen.
He is in the kitchen.
Set it beside the house.
Put it beside the house. It is next to the house.
It is beside the house.
Put the lamp between the sofa and the table. Put the lamp
between the sofa and the table. The lamp stands between the sofa and the table.
The lamp is between the sofa and the table.
bodies lay and set use the accusative case, while standing, lying sit and use the dative case. Verbs like put and hang are used for both, the accusative and the dative.
• The accusative shall be used, when these verbs are transive (are commanding a direct object), eg
I put the money in your pocket = I put (Slipper / hide) the money into the pocket / bag.
Plug is commanding the money (direct object)
The dative shall be used, when the verb is intra-sive (the verb requires no direct object) eg
The money is in the bag. intransitive is stuck here.
________________________________________
28th
Prepositional Contractions
Contractions Contractions in Writing in Informal Speech
where most of the An'n
the auf'n onto the
for auf'm for the
into the ins out of the 's to the
to the für'n
to the to the to the opposite's
in which, when in the in'n
in the after Chatting after
from the text to the
by
through to the lost
expression of Location / Direction
Location: the prepositions in, on, on and on (followed by the dative case) are used with fixed locations, while in and of origin (that is followed by the dative case) are used to signify.
in enclosed spaces I am in the church.
We are in school. I'm at church.
We are at school.
to denotes border or limiting area, he is on the lake.
The picture is on the wall. He is at the lake.
The picture is on the wall.
to on surfaces, or at public buildings is on the table.
you are on the bench. It's on the table.
They are at the bank before
with name of place or business where someone lives or
works I work at McDonald's.
I live with my aunt. I work at McDonald's.
I live at my Aunt's (house).
from comes from enclosed or defined space,
examined as country, town or building you come out of the room.
I'm from the USA. She comes from the bedroom.
I come from the United States.
of open space comes from,
Particular direction or person, the car comes from the right.
I know it from him. The car comes from the right.
I know it from him.
Direction: The prepositions in and on (followed by the accusative case) or to and from (followed by the dative case) are used.
in building or enclosed space, countries and cities that have
definite articles * I go to church.
I fly to the USA. I'm going to church.
I'm flying to the USA.
on open spaces or public buildings, he goes on the market. He's going to the market.
to specifically named buildings or places,
and you people go to the beach.
go to McDonald's.
I go to the bank. She's going to the beach.
They're going to McDonald's
I'm going to the bank
countries and cities to have no articles that I am flying to Austria.
I fly to Paris. I'm flying to Austria.
I'm flying to Paris.
Only a few countries include the articles, Such as Iran (m.), the Netherlands (pl.), Switzerland (f.), Turkey (f.), and the U.S. (pl.), because they are not feminine.
Remember the two idioms with house to house is a location and means at home, while home is a direction and means (to) home.
Articles & Demonstratives
Definite Articles (The) Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
nominatives the (dare) the (dee) the (dahs) that the Accusative
(dane) to which the
Dative the (lady) of the genitives of the
(dess) that of the
Indefinite Articles (A, An)
Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom
a (ine) a (ine-uh) is a
Acc. a (ine-en) a one
Dat. a (ine-em) a (ine-er) a
gene. a (ine-es) one of a
Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
This / That These / Those
Masc. Fem. New. Pl Masc. Fem. New. Pl
Nom this this this this the the the
Acc. this this this this the the the the
Dat. this this this this the the the the
gene. this this this this of the of the
That is an older word found in written German that was used to mean that or those, but today in spoken German the definite articles are used. Dort or da may accompany the definite articles for emphasis. Das is also a universal demonstrative and therefore shows no agreement. Notice the last letter of each of the words above. They correspond to the last letters of the words for the definite articles. Words that are formed this same way are called der-words because they follow the pattern of the der-die-das declension. Other der-words are: jeder-every, and welcher-which. Mancher
Da and Wo Compounds
Personal pronouns are used after prepositions when referring to people. However, when you need to refer to a thing, a compound using da- (or dar- if the preposition begins with a vowel) plus the preposition is used.
on the table (on the table) it becomes (on it)
in the pocket (in the pocket) it becomes (in it)
front of the school (in front of the school) becomes in front (in front of it)
behind the houses (behind the houses) becomes behind (behind them)
between the house and the school (between the house and the school) becomes between them (between them)
Da (r) Compounds
it out of it / them on the other hand against it / them over (under) over it / them
so with it / them Darin (it) in it / them less (down) underneath it / them
them from it / them It (to it) in it / them next to next to it / them
adjust to it / them out on top of it / them intervening between it / them by
through it / them behind behind it / them here on me / you
it for it / them in front in front of it / them so that's why there is
commonly used with verbs of motion to show location, regardless of the preposition used. The English translation is usually there. Then be shortened to can out in everyday speech, and sometimes there is placed at the beginning of the sentence and is placed back at the end.
I have today to the bank. I have to go to the bank
I have with him. I have to go there too.
Note: This question and are idioms. Do you have money there? Do you have any money on you? So you have no luck. That's why you have no luck.
Not all prepositions + pronouns can be replaced by the da (r) compounds. Without, except, and since can never form a da (r) compound, and here are others that can not:
without it without it instead instead
until then until then anyway
nevertheless also besides while since in the meanwhile
the since so for that reason
There are so corresponding questions that use word where (r) - as the prefix. Where (r) can be substituted in all of the above because (r) compounds. When asking about people, use a preposition and who / whom, and use a preposition and the corresponding personal pronoun to answer.
What are you talking about? I talk about it.
What are you talking about? I'm talking about it.
What are you thinking? I think of it.
What are you thinking about? I'm thinking about it.
Who are you going to the theater? With her!
With whom are you going to the theater? With her!
the Forming Noun Plurals in German
Sample Sentences
There are various ways of forming the noun plurals in German .. All German plurals have the plural article die in the nominative and accusative cases, der in the genitive plural, den in the dative plural. Most German plurals add an extra -n or -en to the plural form in the dative case
Hint: Learning the noun plurals is a lot like learning gender. It is best to simply learn a noun with both its gender and its plural form.
Although there are at least a dozen ways to form the plural in German, beginners should concentrate on the first five or six of the German plural forms listed below. More advanced learners should be aware of all of them. They are ranked here with the more common forms first:
German Plural Formation
Plural 1 Add an -e: der Hund - Hunde
Plural 2 Add an -en: die Zeit - Zeiten
plural 3 No change: the girl - girl
plural n-4 Add on: the ball - balls
plural 5 add-er or ° it: the house - on clothes
plural 6 add - houses, the dress -s: the car - the car
plural seven Stem vowel adds ¨: the apple - his brothers
plural 8 add to-- apples, the brother: the teacher - to teachers
plural 9 add-se: the experience - experiences
plural ¨ E 10 add: the crane - Cranes
plural suffix 11 / ending changes: the organism - organisms, the Museum - Museums
plural word 12 Foreign plurals: the principle - principles
singular plural Highlights /
German Plural Form 1 (e)
the year
year take years
years, as the years.
How the years go by.
the captain
captain captains
captains The captains went on strike.
The captains went on strike.
the shoe
shoe shoes shoes
Where are your shoes?
Where are your shoes?
valve valve valves
valves, the valves were closed. The valves were closed
.
German plural 2 (-s)
the bed
bed beds beds
I must make the beds.
I have to make the beds.
the student
student students
students The students are tired.
The students are tired.
the door
door doors
doors The doors are made of wood. The doors are
made of wood. can
the newspaper
newspaper newspapers newspapers
German newspapers not read.
I can not read German newspapers.
NOTE: Most feminine noun suffixes (-ung,-heit,-ion,-speed, etc.) add-en in the plural.
German Plural Form 3 (-)
the cup
cup cup cups
Where are the cups?
Where are the cups?
the error
mistake error
mistakes he has made no mistakes.
He made no mistakes.
window window window windows
Can you close the window?
Can you close the windows?
the girl girl girl
girls The girls are beautiful.
The girls are pretty.
German plural form 4 (-n)
the family
family
families families Families are small.
The families are small.
school
school schools
schools Are the schools good?
Are the schools good?
the road
street streets
Streets The Streets of San Francisco
The streets of San Francisco
the weekend
weekend weekends
weekends I like weekends.
I like weekends.
German plural form 5 (- ¨ he or-er)
the bathroom
bath, spa baths
baths, spas baths These are hot.
These hot baths are.
the roof
roof roofs roofs
The roofs are beautiful.
The roofs are pretty.
the egg egg egg
eggs The eggs are brown. The eggs are brown
.
the dress
dress clothes
dresses / clothes clothes make the man.
Clothes make the man.
singular plural Highlights /
German Plural Form 6 (g)
the car car cars cars
There are too many cars in the city. There are too many
cars in the city.
the baby baby baby
babies cry babies.
The babies are crying.
the park park park
parks The parks are beautiful.
The parks are pretty.
the UFO UFO UFO
UFOs I have not seen any UFOs ever.
I've never seen any UFOs.
German Plural Form 7 (¨)
the brother
brother brothers Brothers
He has two brothers.
He has two brothers.
the garden
garden gardens
gardens The gardens of Versailles are magnificent.
The gardens of Versailles are magnificent.
the mother
mother mothers
mothers work here only few mothers.
Only very few mothers work here.
the daughter
daughter daughters daughters
How many daughters do you have?
How many daughters do you have?
German plural form 8 (-nen)
the doctor
physician (f.)
doctors physicians These days there are more doctors than before. Nowadays there are
more female physicians than before.
girlfriend
friend (f.) Girl
friends (f.) If your friends too?
Are your girl friends coming, too?
NOTE: All feminine nouns ending in-in add NEN-to form the plural.
German plural form 9 (-s)
concern
worry worries concerns
What concerns do you have?
Which concerns do you have?
the experience
experience experiences
experiences What were your experiences there?
How were your experiences there?
knowledge knowledge knowledge knowledge
You must have good knowledge of math.
One has to have a good knowledge of math.
the testimony
mark, grade certificates
marks, grades, you always has good products. She has always
good marks / grades.
NOTE: Some words used in the plural in German, seeking knowledge as above, may not translate into English in the plural.
German Plural Form 10 (¨ + e)
the doctor
physician physicians physicians
The doctors were against it.
The physicians were against it.
the guest
guest, guest customer
guests, customers how many guests are invited? How many guests are
invited?
the cow cow cows
cows The cows in the barn.
The cows are in the barn.
the city
city cities
cities, the cities have no money.
The cities have no money.
